Background
Overview
It is a cornerstone of the Indian Constitution, frequently tested in both Prelims and Mains, and forms the basis for numerous judicial pronouncements and policy debates concerning human rights, state power, and individual liberties. Its broad interpretation impacts various aspects of governance and social justice, including the treatment of prisoners.
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees that "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." This fundamental right is available to both citizens and non-citizens and has been interpreted expansively by the judiciary to encompass a wide range of rights essential for a dignified human existence, including the right to health, food, and humane treatment.