UPSC Notes

Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India

PYQs

8

Articles

1

Momentum

21

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

The CAG is a cornerstone of India's democratic accountability framework, ensuring transparency and proper utilization of public funds. Its reports highlight critical issues in governance, financial management, and scheme implementation, which are vital for policy analysis and reforms.

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is an independent constitutional authority established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution. It is the supreme audit institution of India, responsible for auditing all receipts and expenditures of the Union and State governments, as well as bodies substantially financed by the government, ensuring financial accountability and transparency.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

Constitutional Basis

Established under Articles 148-151 of the Indian Constitution.

Role

Guardian of the public purse and chief auditor for both Central and State governments.

Reporting

Submits audit reports to the President (for Union) or Governor (for State), which are then laid before Parliament/State Legislature.

Independence

Ensures financial accountability and transparency through independent audits.

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaIndian Polity & Governance

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
Comptroller and Auditor General of IndiaAudits government accounts
Principal Accountant General (Accounts & Entitlements), BiharReceives utilization certificates, part of cag's state-level function
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Institutional roles and functions

Quick revision

  • Established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution.
  • Audits all government receipts and expenditures.
  • Reports are laid before Parliament/State Legislature.
  • Acts as a guide to the Public Accounts Committee.
  • Ensures financial accountability and transparency.

Elimination traps

Constitutional vs statutoryThe CAG is a constitutional body, not merely statutory.

Check if created by Constitution or by Parliament.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Indian Polity & Governance

Utilisation Certificates of ₹92, 132.75 crore yet to be received by office, says CAG report, 2024-25 in Bihar

24 Jul 2026 · The CAG is India's constitutional auditor, scrutinizing government finances at both Union and State levels to ensure accountability and efficient public expenditure, as exemplified by its reports on issues like non-submission of Utilization Certificates and poor budgetary management.

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Related topics

Current topic

Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 8 linked questions on Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.