UPSC Notes

Vulture Conservation in India

PYQs

8

Articles

1

Momentum

21

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Vulture conservation is a classic case study for biodiversity loss, ecosystem services, human-wildlife conflict, and the effectiveness of environmental policies. It highlights the interconnectedness of human activities and ecological health, and the role of scientific institutions in conservation.

Vultures are critically important scavengers that play a vital ecological role in maintaining ecosystem health by rapidly consuming animal carcasses, thereby preventing the spread of diseases. Their drastic decline across India, primarily due to human-induced factors, represents a significant threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

IUCN Status

The Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) is globally listed as Endangered by IUCN and is locally extinct in parts of its historical range in India, such as The Nilgiris.

Primary Causes of Decline

Include the use of veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like diclofenac, electrocution from power lines, accidental poisoning, and habitat degradation.

Food Resource Scarcity

Changes in traditional livestock-rearing practices have reduced the availability of natural food resources for vultures.

Conservation Strategy

Conservation efforts include proposals for dedicated Conservation Breeding Programmes, such as the one by BNHS for the Egyptian Vulture, building on successful models for Gyps vultures.

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaEnvironment & Ecology

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)Classifies species status
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)Proposes and implements conservation programs
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Conceptual understanding

Quick revision

  • Egyptian Vulture (Endangered, IUCN) facing local extinction in TN.
  • Key threats: veterinary NSAIDs, electrocution, poisoning, habitat loss.
  • Ecological role: crucial scavengers, prevent disease spread.
  • BNHS proposes breeding programs for recovery.
  • Conservation requires multi-stakeholder collaboration.

Elimination traps

Species vs habitatDistinguish between the specific species (Egyptian Vulture) and the broader issue of vulture conservation, which often involves multiple species and their shared threats/habitats.

Species is organism; habitat is where it lives.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Environment & Ecology

Understanding the disappearance of Egyptian Vulture in Tamil Nadu

08 Jul 2026 · Vulture populations in India, including the Egyptian Vulture, have plummeted due to NSAIDs, electrocution, poisoning, and habitat loss. Their decline impacts ecosystem health. Conservation strategies involve banning harmful drugs, habitat protection, and ex-situ breeding programs.

Read article

Related topics

Current topic

Vulture Conservation in India

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 8 linked questions on Vulture Conservation in India in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.