Phase IFoundation
Background
Overview
This is a highly contemporary and recurring issue at the intersection of fundamental rights, technology, and governance. UPSC often asks about the balance between individual liberties and state security, especially with new technologies and their impact on civil liberties.
The Indian Constitution guarantees fundamental rights, including the right to freedom of speech and expression, and the right to assemble peacefully without arms (Article 19), and the right to life and personal liberty, which the Supreme Court has interpreted to include the right to privacy (Article 21). These rights, however, are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order, security of the state, etc.