UPSC Notes

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Renewable Energy Projects

PYQs

3

Articles

1

Momentum

11

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Understanding the regulatory framework for environmental protection, the role and limitations of EIA, the challenges in balancing renewable energy development with environmental conservation, and policy gaps in sustainable development.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse. In India, certain categories of projects are exempt or have relaxed EIA requirements, which can lead to conflicts, especially in ecologically sensitive zones.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

EIA exemption for solar parks

Solar parks are not required to undergo environmental impact assessments prior to commissioning, as per a 2017 Union Environment Ministry memorandum.

Policy gaps in state policies

State policies (e.g., Gujarat's Solar Power Policy) focus on land allocation and incentives, often lacking provisions for compensation, rehabilitation, or livelihood safeguards for communities.

Ecological and social impacts

Lack of EIA can lead to projects being sited in ecologically sensitive areas (like Ramsar sites), causing habitat destruction, bird mortality, and disruption of local ecosystems and livelihoods.

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaEnvironmental Governance
Conceptual areaSustainable Development

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
Union Environment MinistryIssues guidelines
NTPC Renewable Energy LimitedImplements
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Conceptual understanding

Quick revision

  • EIA: Tool to assess environmental and social impacts of projects.
  • Solar parks: Exempted from mandatory EIA since 2017.
  • Consequence: Projects in sensitive areas without proper scrutiny.
  • Impacts: Habitat loss, bird mortality, ecosystem disruption.
  • Policy gap: State policies lack community safeguards.

Topic timeline

Environmental GovernanceSustainable Development

Related topics

Current topic

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Renewable Energy Projects

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 3 linked questions on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Renewable Energy Projects in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.