Phase IFoundation
Background
Overview
Essential for understanding the scope and enforceability of Fundamental Rights, the limits of state power, and the accountability of various public and quasi-public bodies to constitutional principles. It's a recurring theme in constitutional law and judicial review.
Article 12 of the Indian Constitution defines 'the State' for the purpose of Part III (Fundamental Rights), encompassing the Union and State governments, Parliament and State Legislatures, and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. This definition is crucial for determining against whom fundamental rights can be enforced.