UPSC Notes

Coal Gasification and Coal Chemistry

PYQs

6

Articles

1

Momentum

17

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Offers a strategic pathway to reduce India's import dependence on LPG, utilize abundant domestic coal resources more efficiently and cleanly, and enhance energy security. It represents a significant industrial and technological development.

Coal gasification is a thermochemical process that converts coal into syngas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide), which can then be further processed into various chemicals, including Dimethyl Ether (DME). This technology aims to unlock the chemical value of coal beyond direct combustion, offering a pathway for cleaner utilization of domestic coal resources.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

Process & Product

Converts coal into syngas, then into Dimethyl Ether (DME), a clean-burning gas chemically similar to LPG.

Application & Blending

DME can be blended directly into existing LPG cylinders and pipelines (Bureau of Indian Standards approved up to 20% blend).

Economic Impact

A 20% DME blend from coal gasification could displace 6.3 million tonnes of LPG imports annually, saving ~₹34,000 crore in foreign exchange.

Government Initiative

Union Cabinet approved a ₹37,500 crore scheme to promote surface coal and lignite gasification, targeting 100 million tonnes annually by 2030.

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaScience & Technology

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
CSIR (National Chemical Laboratory)Developed indigenous methanol-to-dme technology
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasApproved scaling up of indigenous technology, policy support for gasification
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)Approved dme blending ratio with lpg
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Conceptual understanding

Quick revision

  • Process: Coal → Syngas → DME (clean LPG substitute).
  • BIS approved up to 20% DME blending with LPG.
  • Potential to save ₹34,000 crore forex by displacing LPG imports.
  • Government scheme: ₹37,500 cr, target 100 MT coal gasification by 2030.
  • Challenges: High ash content in Indian coal, need for scaling capacity and technical depth.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Science & Technology

The case for building India’s coal chemistry capability

02 Jul 2026 · Coal gasification converts coal into syngas and then DME, a clean LPG substitute. This technology, backed by a significant government scheme, aims to reduce India's LPG import bill and leverage domestic coal, despite challenges like high ash content.

Read article

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Coal Gasification and Coal Chemistry

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 6 linked questions on Coal Gasification and Coal Chemistry in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.